Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases
Volume 20, Issue 6 , Pages 445-450 , July 2010

Managing cardiovascular risk factors: Trial evidence in women

  • J. Hsia

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +1 302 885 4702; fax: +1 302 885 5340.

Received 29 April 2009 ,Accepted 18 January 2010.

References 

  1. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyorala K, Keil U, et al. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II and III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet. 2009;373:929–940
  2. Ong KL, Cheung BMY, Man YB, Lau CP, Lam KSL. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2007;49:69–75
  3. Ford ES, Li C, Pearson WS, Zhao G, Mokdad AH. Trends in hypercholesterolemia, treatment and control among United States adults. Int J Cardiol. 2008;
  4. Ong KL, Cheung BMY, Wong LYF, Wat NMS, Tan KCB, Lam KSL. Prevalence, treatment, and control of diagnosed diabetes in the U.S. National health and Nutrition Examination survey 1999–2004. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18:222–229
  5. Turnbull F, Woodward M, Neal B, Barzi F, Ninomiya T, Chalmers J, et al. Do men and women respond differently to blood pressure-lowering treatment? Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2669–2680
  6. Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  7. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90056 participants in 14 randomized trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–1278
  8. Rosenberg H, Allard D. Women and statin use: a women's health advocacy perspective. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2008;42:268–273
  9. Kakafika AI, Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagioannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Primary and secondary coronary heart disease prevention using statins: is targeting Adam or Eve equally effective?. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:1437–1440
  10. Miettinen TA, Pyorala K, Olsson AG, Musliner TA, Cook TJ, Faegerman O, et al. Cholesterol lowering therapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. Findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation. 1997;96:4211–4219
  11. Lewis SJ, Sacks SM, Mitchell JS, East C, Glasser S, Kell S, et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:140–146
  12. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22
  13. Hague W, Forder P, Simes J, Hunt D, Tonkin A. LIPID investigators. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events and mortality in 1516 women with coronary heart disease: results from the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) study. Am Heart J. 2003;145:643–651
  14. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy BM, Bollen ELEM, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623–1630
  15. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149–1158
  16. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301–1307
  17. Clearfield M, Downs JR, Weis S, Whitney EJ, Kruyer W, Shapiro DR, et al. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS): efficacy and tolerability of long-term treatment with lovastatin in women. J Wom Health Gend Base Med. 2001;10:971–981
  18. Ridker PM, Danielson ED, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJP, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195–2207
  19. Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJP, et al. Number needed to treat with rosuvastatin to prevent cardiovascular events and death among men and women with low LDL cholesterol and elevated hsCRP: the JUPITER trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:616–623
  20. Kumana CR, Cheung BMY, Lauder IJ. Gauging the impact of statins using number needed to treat. JAMA. 1999;282:1899–1901
  21. Wiysonge CS, Bradley H, Mayosi BM, Maroney R, Mbewu A, Opie LH, Volmink J. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No :CD002003.DOI:1. 1002/14651858. CD002003.pub2; 2007.
  22. Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F, Pangrazzi I, Tognoni G, Brown DL. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men. A sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006;295:306–313
  23. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Trikalinos TA, Kent DM, Karas RH. Statins, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and risk of cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1141–1147
  24. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001–1009
  25. Skyler JS, Howard BV, Bergenstal R, Kirkman MS, Bonow RO, Kosiborod M, et al. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:298–304
  26. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545–2559
  27. Gaede P, Lund-Anderson H, Parving H-H, Pederson O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:580–591
  28. American Diabetes Association . Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes – 2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(Suppl. 1):S11–S61
  29. Volpp KG, Troxel AB, Pauly MV, Glick HA, Piug A, Asch DA, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:699–709
  30. Gonzalez D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, et al. Varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:47–55
  31. www.reynoldsriskscore.org
  32. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107:499–511
  33. Myers GL, Christenson RH, Cushman M, Ballantyne CM, Cooper GR, Pfeiffer CM, et al. National Academy of clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine practice guidelines: emerging biomarkers for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem. 2009;55:378–384
  34. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJP, et al. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL vholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1175–1182
  35. Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH, Myers GL. Distribution and correlates of C-reactive protein concentrations among adult US women. Clin Chem. 2004;50:574–581

PII: S0939-4753(10)00019-0

doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.01.010

Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases
Volume 20, Issue 6 , Pages 445-450 , July 2010