Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases
Volume 20, Issue 6 , Pages 386-393 , July 2010

Cardiovascular diseases in American women

  • Y. Zhang

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +1 405 271 3090x46720; fax: +1 405 271 4390.

Received 12 June 2009 ,Revised 11 December 2009 ,Accepted 1 February 2010.

References 

  1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:480–486
  2. Incidence and prevalence: 2006 Chart book on cadiovascular and lung diseases. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2006;
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Trends in Ischemic heart disease mortality–United States, 1980–1988. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41:548–549556
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Trends in Ischemic heart disease deaths–United States, 1990–1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46:146–150
  5. Ford ES, Capewell S. Coronary heart disease mortality among young adults in the U.S. from 1980 through 2002: concealed leveling of mortality rates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:2128–2132
  6. Mensah GA, Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Greenlund KJ, Croft JB. State of disparities in cardiovascular health in the United States. Circulation. 2005;111:1233–1241
  7. Lee ET, Howard BV, Savage PJ, Cowan LD, Fabsitz RR, Oopik AJ, et al. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in three American Indian populations aged 45–74 years. The strong heart study. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:599–610
  8. Lee ET, Welty TK, Cowan LD, Wang W, Rhoades DA, Devereux R, et al. Incidence of diabetes in American Indians of three geographic areas: the strong heart study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:49–54
  9. In:  Peter Libby ROB,  Douglas PZipes,  Douglas LMann editor. Braunwald's heart disease – a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.; 2008;
  10. Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutherland SE, Langer RD, Manolio T, Barrett-Connor E. Cardiovascular disease in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1997;96:2468–2482
  11. Howard BV, Lee ET, Cowan LD, Devereux RB, Galloway JM, Go OT, et al. Rising tide of cardiovascular disease in American Indians. The strong heart study. Circulation. 1999;99:2389–2395
  12. Matthew R, Reynolds DSP, Josephson Mark E. Sudden cardiac death. In:  Valentin Fuster RAOR,  Walsh Richard A,  Poole-Wilson Philip editor. Hurst's the heart. 12 ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2008;
  13. Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN, Pepine CJ, Reis SE, Bittner V, Kelsey SF, et al. Insights from the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study: part I: gender differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender-optimized diagnostic strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:S4–S20
  14. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1105–1110
  15. Charney P. Coronary artery disease in young women: the menstrual cycle and other risk factors. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:1002–1004
  16. Hu FB, Grodstein F, Hennekens CH, Colditz GA, Johnson M, Manson JE, et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1061–1066
  17. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, Rossouw JE, Assaf AR, Lasser NL, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:523–534
  18. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;291:1701–1712
  19. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, Blumenthal R, Davidson M, Hlatky M, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study follow-up (HERS II). J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288:49–57
  20. Zhang Y, Galloway JM, Welty TK, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Devereux RB, et al. Incidence and risk factors for stroke in American Indians: the strong heart study. Circulation. 2008;118:1577–1584
  21. White H, Boden-Albala B, Wang C, Elkind MS, Rundek T, Wright CB, et al. Ischemic stroke subtype incidence among whites, blacks, and Hispanics: the Northern Manhattan study. Circulation. 2005;111:1327–1331
  22. Carandang R, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Kelly-Hayes M, Kase CS, Kannel WB, et al. Trends in incidence, lifetime risk, severity, and 30-day mortality of stroke over the past 50 years. J Am Med Assoc. 2006;296:2939–2946
  23. Health, United States, 2008. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2008;
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Disparities in screening for and awareness of high blood cholesterol–United States, 1999–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:117–119
  25. Towfighi A, Saver JL, Engelhardt R, Ovbiagele B. A midlife stroke surge among women in the United States. Neurology. 2007;69:1898–1904
  26. Barrett KM, Worrall BB. Sex and stroke: are they really different in midlife?. Neurology. 2007;69:1894–1895
  27. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, Heiss G, Kooperberg C, Baird A, et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the women's health initiative: a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:2673–2684
  28. Hendrix SL, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Johnson KC, Howard BV, Kooperberg C, Rossouw JE, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the women's health initiative. Circulation. 2006;113:2425–2434
  29. Simon JA, Hsia J, Cauley JA, Richards C, Harris F, Fong J, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of stroke: the heart and estrogen-progestin replacement study (HERS). Circulation. 2001;103:638–642
  30. Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Kernan WN, Sarrel PM, Suissa S, Horwitz RI. A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after Ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1243–1249
  31. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288:321–333
  32. Kurth T, Moore SC, Gaziano JM, Kase CS, Stampfer MJ, Berger K, et al. Healthy lifestyle and the risk of stroke in women. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1403–1409
  33. Kittner SJ, Stern BJ, Feeser BR, Hebel R, Nagey DA, Buchholz DW, et al. Pregnancy and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:768–774
  34. Goldberg RJ, Spencer FA, Farmer C, Meyer TE, Pezzella S. Incidence and hospital death rates associated with heart failure: a community-wide perspective. Am J Med. 2005;118:728–734
  35. Rich MW. Heart failure in the 21st century: a cardiogeriatric syndrome. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M88–M96
  36. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Leip EP, Beiser A, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, et al. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 2002;106:3068–3072
  37. Barker WH, Mullooly JP, Getchell W. Changing incidence and survival for heart failure in a well-defined older population, 1970–1974 and 1990–1994. Circulation. 2006;113:799–805
  38. Loehr LR, Rosamond WD, Chang PP, Folsom AR, Chambless LE. Heart failure incidence and survival (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study). Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1016–1022
  39. Bibbins-Domingo K, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Barrett-Connor E, Hulley SB, Grady D, et al. Predictors of heart failure among women with coronary disease. Circulation. 2004;110:1424–1430
  40. Wang L, Fan C, Topol SE, Topol EJ, Wang Q. Mutation of MEF2A in an inherited disorder with features of coronary artery disease. Science. 2003;302:1578–1581
  41. Yamada Y, Izawa H, Ichihara S, Takatsu F, Ishihara H, Hirayama H, et al. Prediction of the risk of myocardial infarction from polymorphisms in candidate genes. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1916–1923
  42. Ng MK, Quinn CM, McCrohon JA, Nakhla S, Jessup W, Handelsman DJ, et al. Androgens up-regulate atherosclerosis-related genes in macrophages from males but not females: molecular insights into gender differences in atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1306–1313
  43. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:2560–2572
  44. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Levy D. Hypertension in adults across the age spectrum: current outcomes and control in the community. J Am Med Assoc. 2005;294:466–472
  45. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Anderson G, Psaty BM, Black HR, Manson J, Wong N, et al. Hypertension and its treatment in postmenopausal women: baseline data from the women's health initiative. Hypertension. 2000;36:780–789
  46. Hyre AD, Muntner P, Menke A, Raggi P, He J. Trends in ATP-III-defined high blood cholesterol prevalence, awareness, treatment and control among U.S. adults. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17:548–555
  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses–United States, 1997–2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:625–628
  48. Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Cobain M, Freiberg MS, D'Agostino RB. Estimated risks for developing obesity in the Framingham heart study. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:473–480
  49. Seo DC, Torabi MR. Racial/ethnic differences in body mass index, morbidity and attitudes toward obesity among U.S. adults. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98:1300–1308
  50. Barrett-Connor E, Giardina EG, Gitt AK, Gudat U, Steinberg HO, Tschoepe D. Women and heart disease: the role of diabetes and hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:934–942
  51. Kannel WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment. J Am Med Assoc. 1996;275:1571–1576
  52. National diabetes fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States, 2007. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008;
  53. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, Vinicor F, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. J Am Med Assoc. 2001;286:1195–1200
  54. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:76–79
  55. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Nelson DE, Engelgau MM, Vinicor F, et al. Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990–1998. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1278–1283
  56. Fox CS, Pencina MJ, Meigs JB, Vasan RS, Levitzky YS, D'Agostino RB. Trends in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus from the 1970s to the 1990s: the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 2006;113:2914–2918
  57. National diabetes statistics, 2007. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2008;
  58. Gregg EW, Gu Q, Cheng YJ, Narayan KM, Cowie CC. Mortality trends in men and women with diabetes, 1971 to 2000. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:149–155
  59. Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in US adults. J Am Med Assoc. 1999;281:1291–1297
  60. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;114:82–96

PII: S0939-4753(10)00036-0

doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.02.001

Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases
Volume 20, Issue 6 , Pages 386-393 , July 2010