Highlights
- •Distribution of energy intake (EI) during a day was associated with cholesterol levels.
- •Every 100 kcal additional EI at night was associated 1.08 mg/dL higher of LDL-cholesterol.
- •Replacing the EI at night by EI during the day was associated with lower total cholesterol.
- •Replacing the EI at night by EI during the day was associated with lower LDL-cholesterol.
Abstract
Background and aims
This study examined the association between macronutrient intake at different times
of the day and blood lipid levels.
Methods and results
The study was based on the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, a cross-sectional
study of non-institutionalized and non-pregnant healthy adults (≥19-years-old). A
one-day (24 h) dietary recall assessed participants’ food intake. Fasting plasma triglycerides,
total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were determined.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was estimated based on the Friedewald formula.
According to the data of eligible subjects (n = 1283), the time of energy intake was
categorized into three meal times 0500–0929 (morning), 1130–1329 (noon), and 1730–2029
(evening), along with three snack times 0930–1129 (mid-morning), 1330–1729 (afternoon),
and 2030–0459 (night). Energy and macronutrient intake were calculated for the 6 time
periods, based on 24 h recall data. An adjusted regression model showed that by transferring
100 kcal intake at night to the morning or noon, LDL cholesterol would be lower by
1.46 (95% CI: 2.42–0.50) and 1.27 mg/dL (95% CI: 2.24–0.30), respectively. Transferring
100 kcal of fat intake at night to earlier periods was associated with a lower LDL
cholesterol level, especially transferring to noontime (significantly lower by 5.21 mg/dL,
95% CI: [7.42–2.99]) and evening (significantly lower by 3.19 mg/dL, 95% CI: [6.29–0.08]).
Conclusions
Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol had the same pattern of association with the
timing of energy intake. The study showed that elevated total and LDL cholesterol
were positively associated with nighttime energy and fat intake.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 14, 2019
Accepted:
January 4,
2019
Received in revised form:
January 3,
2019
Received:
July 19,
2018
Handling Editor: A. SianiIdentification
Copyright
© 2019 The Italian Society of Diabetology, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
